Nor did this imply only the local welfare of the papacy, the good order and peace of the Patrimony of Peter. Though not all are present in anyone narrative, there isn't a good cause for doubting their normal accuracy. But are they the stuff of fantasy? Kleinclausz (l'Empire Carolingien, and many others., Paris, 1902, 441 sqq.) denies the authenticity of the famous letter (871) of Emperor Louis II to the Greek Emperor Basil (during which the former recognizes totally the papal origin of his personal imperial dignity), and attributes it to Anastasius Bibliotheca in 879. His arguments are weak; the authenticity is admitted by Gregorovius and O. Harnack. Peter and Paul, the pope approached him, positioned upon his head the imperial crown, did him formal reverence after the ancient method, saluted him as Emperor and Augustus and anointed him, while the Romans current burst out with the acclamation, thrice repeated: "To Carolus Augustus crowned by God, mighty and pacific emperor, be life and victory" (Carolo, piisimo Augusto a Deo coronato, magno et pacificio Imperatori, vita et victoria). Despite the earlier goodwill and assist of the papacy, the Emperor of Constantinople, authentic heir of the imperial title (he nonetheless known as himself Roman Emperor, and his capital was officially New Rome) had long proved incapable of preserving his authority in the Italian peninsula.

However, the event of Christmas Day, 800, was long resented at Constantinople, where finally the successor gold price of Charles was occasionally called "Emperor", or "Emperor of the Franks", however never "Roman Emperor". On the other hand, there seems no cause to doubt that for some time earlier the elevation of Charles had been discussed, each at dwelling and at Rome, especially in view of two facts: the scandalous situation of the imperial government at Constantinople, and the acknowledged grandeur and solidity of the Carolingian home. It could also be famous right here that the chroniclers of the ninth century deal with as "restitution" to St. Peter the assorted cessions and grants of cities and territory made at this period by the Carolingian rulers within the bounds of the Patrimony of Peter. Suffice it so as to add right here that while the imperial consecration made him in theory, what he was already the truth is, the principal ruler of the West, and impropriated, because it were, within the Carolingian line the majesty of ancient Rome, it additionally lifted Charles without delay to the dignity of supreme temporal protector of Western Christendom and particularly of its head, the Roman Church.

Baluze, I, 247, 341, 345); also that after the ceremony he made very rich gifts to the Basilica of St. Peter, and that on the same day the pope anointed (as King of the Franks) the youthful Charles, son of the emperor and at the moment probably destined to succeed in the imperial dignity. Leo was sent again to Rome escorted by royal missi; the insurgents, totally frightened and unable to persuade Charles of the pope's iniquity, surrendered, and the missi sent Paschalis and Campulus, nephews of Adrian I and ringleaders towards Pope Leo, to the king, to be dealt with on the royal pleasure. Charles, it is true, after his imperial consecration exercised practically at Rome his authority as Patricius, or protector of the Roman Church. This (the Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate) he significantly omitted from the partition of the Frankish State made at the Diet of Thionville, in 806. It is to be famous that on this public division of his property he made no provision for the imperial title, additionally that he committed to all three sons "the defence and safety of the Roman Church".

In any case, since the Donation of Pepin (752) the pope was formally sovereign of the duchy of Rome and the Exarchate; therefore, aside from its effect on his shadowy claim to the sovereignty of all Italy, the Byzantine ruler had nothing to lose by the elevation of Charles. This determination produced a domino impact. In actuality this Roman patriciate, both beneath Pepin and Charles, was no more than a high protectorship of the civil sovereignty of the pope, whose native independence, each before and after the coronation of Charles, is traditionally sure, even apart from the aforesaid imperial charters. It's sure that Charles consistently attributed his imperial dignity to an act of God, made identified of course by means of the agency of the Vicar of Christ (divino nutu coronatus, a Deo coronatus, in "Capitularia", ed. Charles received the Vicar of Christ with all due reverence. Long before this occasion Pope Adrian I had conferred (774) on Charles his father's dignity of Patricius Romanus, which implied primarily the protection of the Roman Church in all its rights and privileges, above all in the temporal authority which it had progressively acquired (notably in the previous Byzantine Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate of Ravenna) by simply titles in the course of the two preceding centuries.

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